Knowledge List of John Constable paintings

Hand painted John Constable paintings knowledge

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1.How many stages has European painting been gone through before the paintings was produced? Mr. Ba Jin and Mr. Zhu GuangQian have reached the fragrant strange " last dinner " the paintings carried on fierce confrontation on the newspapers and periodicals in 1930's. Zhu Guang sneaks the gentleman and is regarded as the oil paintings, and Mr. Ba Jin says: " there was not a modern oil colour at all at that time " . Because European painting has already developed into the stage of the modern paintings while introducing to China, so, many people often have a misunderstanding, think western painting is all paintings. In the west especially Europe in ancient times, there is not the paintings at all times. The real paintings is produced, only history of 500 years so far, and Europe once went through the decorative painting of ancient glue before this, wax decorative painting, inlaid picture, wet mural painting, do mural painting, is it draw painting and is it draw with canvas mixing long history changes of skill and technique to bank up with earth frankly to bank up with earth frankly. The oil paintings of the modern meaning after the 16th century is developed progressively ripely. European painting has adopted more animal glue and vegetable glue since ancient times. Egg as one albumen glue, in ancient Greece, ancient Rome extensive application era. The initial egg color is through mixing the candy, honey or not having colored fruit juice to increase the viscidity in the yolk. Ancient wax is it melt, call with fire beeswax in pigment not to is it get wall or at the plank to draw when it is hot mainly to draw, but overlap multi-layerly, can also shave and waste revising after solidifying, can also polish the polishing finally. Byzantine kingdom prevailed in east Rome of inlaid picture, assembled with coloured stone, pottery slice, enamel slice and glass, used for decorating the church more.

The wet mural painting mixes the sand and plans to pay the wall that can be drawn of once of one yuan with the lime in advance, while dust layer does not is it colour to do, pigment permeate lime, form the firm calcium carbonate surface after being dry, the ones that benefit color are adhered to for a long time. Do mural painting do plaster bottom completely have and colour, Middle Ages from the 4th century to 13 century, mural painting that retain to do the mural painting basically. " last dinner " is not the paintings, do not do the mural painting, wet mural painting either. Reach fragrant to use one cream glue that refuel mediate pigment while being strange, skill and technique its beginning prevailed in Italy to bank up with earth and draw the skill and technique system frankly in 13 century. Is it it draws to be one special and widely influential picture kind in the history of western painting to bank up with earth frankly. Later on though the paintings has appeared, but still in order to bank up with earth and draw materials to mould as the ground floor frankly, and then cover and dye with the transparent law of the paintings. 65.What is " Bank up with earth and draw frankly " Painting? Bank up with earth and draw the transliteration that is English Tempera frankly, stem from ancient Italian, mean " mediating " " mix " ,And then refer to all in general by water soluble, glue pigment and combining the painting made up of the pharmaceutical, often used in the painting made up of such milk glued mixture as the egg,etc. only too. There is China " The egg is banked up with earth and drawn " " bank up redly with earth and draw " Wait for many kinds of transliteration. Use media translation with good grounds too " The glue pastel of egg white " " egg white picture " " albumen picture " " tempera painting " ,etc.. Bank up with earth and draw and does not only use the egg liquid frankly, use other materials to make media, so transliteration is comparatively appropriate. Usually people distinguish the picture kind of all kinds of with the pigment that the painter used, binder included with the pigment (media) Coming to name for the pigment, namely the color powder and oil are combined is a oil colour; It is the watercolors that color powder and Arab are shut gluedly; It is Chinese painting pigment that color powder and vegetable glue or the bone are shut gluedly; It is wax crayon or colored pencil that the color powder and wax are combined; Such cream as color powder and egg,etc. are combined to bank up with earth and draw the pigment frankly. Special nature drawn to bank up with earth frankly lie in it whether one cream combine pharmaceutical, cream one more than ink but opaque milk form mixture, contain oil and water two composition, use yolk or the whole egg the emulsifier more, then throw into right amount flax core oil and resin oil. In the cream, molecule disperses the oil in water steadily, the two can get a kind of powerful emulsion to combine, mediate this kind of emulsion the color powder and add water and dilute and describe in the picture, can become dry after several seconds, the conjunctiva as time goes on, becoming hard, is no longer dissolved tough and tensile and firmly by water. European ancient painter has found and used kissing the oil and kissing the swimming skill of cream, has invented and banked up with earth and played painting frankly. Except that the egg is banked up with earth and drawn frankly, there is water glue that banks up the rubbish, cheese with earth to bank up plainly with earth and draw etc. frankly frankly. It is thin like the water colour to bank up with earth while drawing the much water of pigment frankly, transparent and smooth; Energetic and steady when being short of water, suitable for describing meticulously. Banking up with earth and having pleasing gloss like silks and satins to draw painting frankly, it is its characteristic to be natural, soft. Because the pigment can do rapidly, the painters needn't wait in the course of drawing, can draw a picture in succession!, the shortcoming can not faint and dye emerging like water colour " Water bad smell and moisture " . Bank up with earth and draw painting steadily, firmly frankly, can keep bright-colored degree of the pigment most, kind is drawn more than other in life-span (include the canvas) It is long. Can trace back to ancient Greece and Middle Ages to mix colors and draw a picture with the egg, belong to and bank up the embryonic form drawn with earth frankly. It is said 13 painter of century Florence contract horse cloth angstrom is it bank up skill and technique of drawing with earth frankly to initiate, its disciple Joe asks perfectly, later on this skill and technique prevail in Italy, Buddhist nun Deland and Farrand then etc.

The forming of the canvas is developed, make it treated coldly for a time, the contemporary painter has found its painteric value again while studying classical painting works, and begin to explore that banks up with earth and draws painting more extensive behavior space frankly. 2.Who is the inventor of the canvas? Ancient European painters, while well versed in and fond of banking up with earth and drawing painting skill and technique franklying, has found its defect and deficiency gradually, for example: It is connected that it is difficult to merge to faint between the colors, color is not soft and only gaudy enough, it is too strenuous that the small pen arranges the line many times, and the apt to be mouldy and minuent resists the ability of colliding under the moist climatic conditions. In view of this, painters have invented it in order to protect the method of the picture by painting the light transparently. And then someone does the multi-layer transparent to cover and dye in banking up with earth and drawing the picture of ground floor frankly, is it have mere skill or glaze dye law, this form mix skill and technique, one is it draw painting a skill and technique of an canvas also to bank up with earth frankly to call it. It banks up oilly with earth and plays painting frankly to reach the fragrant and strange " last dinner ". Reach and carry on numerous research to use to the oil pigment fragrantly and strangely, but technology is not ripe enough, cause a lot of works to fail to retain. Then, who is the inventor of the canvas? Making painting matchmaker pharmaceutical simply with the oil, someone tested in Byzantine era. According to recording, it still won't be dry in several months that this kind of picture is put under the burning sun and tanned by the sun. In 1200, the monk Theo and Fehr and Lu Ji and Rose wrote " diversified art forms " of thesis about canvas, in this thesis, he has introduced flax core oil and operation method of the Arabic resin. The painting which is similar to the canvas has appeared in Britain at the end in the 13th century. One the end such as century, two painter, Buddhist nun of Deland all to love grams of brother (whether Yang all to like gram and moustache Bert all to love gram brother) Have found a kind of simple and convenient melting the method that the pigment draws a picture with the oil, has created the pure canvas. History of art although house can conclude all to love grams of brother an inventor of an canvas, but they have found a kind of ideal matchmaker of painting relying mainly on oil on the basis of the thing that forefathers tested the pharmaceutical fill a prescription at least. Many experts think their greatest contribution is that have added the natural resin in the oil, make conduct pen smoothness, matchmaker pharmaceutical do rapidly. Draw by loving gram " wedding, Arno of Pfennig " Yang and he most famous work " Ghent sacrificial altar draw " (hide on Belgium holy Palestine the Feng 's, Ghent of city now, made up of 23 pictures. ) All love whom grams of brother invent transfer oil technology, it it is saids to be to spend one " white Burges smooth oil " Mix and draw a picture with the flax core oil together, mediate with them he in is it draw painting pigment that use to bank up with earth frankly, find the result very fine. (some researchers think, " mere oil in white Burges " It is the rectification turpentine oil, we still use the turpentine oil to dilute the oil colour now. )（Antonueuo De Messina 1430-1479）Over several hundred years, inheritting and creation through every generation of painter, the canvas gets further development and perfection. 3.Shelf canvas how produce and what is superiority of it? In Europe, painting and rose in conformity with religious activity and commercial demand on the shelf. Parchment of Middle Ages draw aedicule in plank is it may be said early shelf painting to draw. The oil colour can be used extensively in the painting on the shelf in the 15th century, thus the paintings on the shelf emerges. The Buddhist nun at that time Deland ( Mean present Holland, Northeast of Belgium, Luxembourg and France) Draw at parchment close to draw and a plank paint and quite prevail alone. Split open and load the canvas on the basis of wooden bezel painting 16 century Venice schools of painting after rising a large amount of ones that adopt. The canvas used in early days is the canvas, later just there was linen. In such countries as Italy,etc., the saints are that the linen paintings which is lifting the tight religious subject matter on the wooden bezel was engaged in religious activity. Cloth cover paintings in ability, color layers of elasticity of displaying, person who keep respect exceed aquarelle, tempera, wet mural painting and drawing with coloured chalk of color for ever. As regards technology, the superiority of the paintings is shown as: The form oil colour of lotion with plasticity has brought the flexible and changeable, extensive and free painting space to the painter. And besides painting brush, painters can draw a picture with such many kinds of tools as the scraper,etc.. The painter can make the transparent and opaque result coexist within the range of all of the same picture. The oil pigment is dry and slow, the painter can alter the picture repeatedly, and can mix colors, transport the color directly on the picture. The color of the paintings is bright, benefit the portrayal of the object feel, can fully express the complicated tone level of object, have transparent, simple and honest and abundant superior results. Can control the dry time of color with different mixing of colors pharmaceutical, can use the change of color thickness comparing with, brush stroke in Chinese painting and calligraphy of layer to produce the abundant picture skin texture, or is having drawing a picture on the surface of a skin texture, or add the particle and form material to display the speciality object in the pigment. The oil colour has stronger hiding the strength and plasticity.

All right disposable completion, can cover multi-layerly too, the color layer will not come off. Oil reservoir solid durable, bright color after doing, pigment there is not any change in the course of dryness. Can draw the paintings of the large-scale cloth cover, exchange transportation, apt to decorate, apt to collect, apt to keep, easy to be clean. 93.How are the paintings works signed? The signature of the paintings works relates to goods of the canvas. The painter will sign it as the sign of propagating, influence in order to expand and increase the works to book one to sign names on the works at first, as time passes, sign the convention which becomes a painter. According to the records of historical data, the oil painter signs and sees Yu AEr tie the fields lying fallow in rotation tight and wish to lose the works tied tight early. Lose and tie tight and combine and sign two letter A Ds of the beginning of one's own name on the picture. The oil painter's signature form is varied, but generally sign the unattractive place on the corner. It is here that some painters sign the name " The props " Or in the pattern, make it integrate in picture. It is such as carrying on one's shoulder or back not visiting because of in "A wheat Bach as "in signature it write at background at the pieces of boards at the trees. The signature of " guiding the people freely " of the Lip river tile of Drach is in pouring the oblique wood in the distant place. Place where the signature of thanking Love's " young girl and peach " is bordering on the tablecloth below right. The oil painter of our country signs the phonetic alphabet of daily abbreviation. Modern painter large to sign the name or spelling, name is it spend to unite directly, sign at the same time and create times, and sign the works title in the picture back. Work in exhibition is it indicate works size, works material, create time, author, office, detailed mailing address to need. Some painters still often or set up the special mark in the corner place in the picture, so as not to model. Mark one's own name and melt to sign in the picture, is often adopted by the painter. If a Sichuan Mr. signs and uses painter's moustache" Sichuan " ,The concision is easy to distinguish.